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Vegtrug RHP6002N Herb Garden, 80cm x 78cm x 58cm

£9.9£99Clearance
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Mateo-Carrasco, H.; Gálvez-Contreras, M.C.; Fernández-Ginés, F.D.; Nguyen, T.V. Elevated liver enzymes resulting from an interaction between Raltegravir and Panax ginseng: A case report and brief review. Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 2012, 27, 171–175. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Epstein, R.J.; Leung, T.W.T.; Cheung, P.S.Y. Panmucositis and chemosensitisation associated with betel quid chewing during dose-dense adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2006, 58, 835–837. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Khan, M.; Maryam, A.; Mehmood, T.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, T. Enhancing Activity of Anticancer Drugs in Multidrug Resistant Tumors by Modulating P-Glycoprotein through Dietary Nutraceuticals. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2015, 16, 6831–6839. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Daveluy, A.; Géniaux, H.; Thibaud, L.; Mallaret, M.; Miremont-Salamé, G.; Haramburu, F. Probable Interaction Between an Oral Vitamin K Antagonist and Turmeric ( Curcuma longa). Therapie 2014, 69, 519–520. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Markert, C.; Kastner, I.M.; Hellwig, R.; Kalafut, P.; Schweizer, Y.; Hoffmann, M.M.; Burhenne, J.; Weiss, J.; Mikus, G.; Haefeli, W.E. The Effect of Induction of CYP3A4 by St John’s Wort on Ambrisentan Plasma Pharmacokinetics in Volunteers of knownCYP2C19Genotype. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2014, 116, 423–428. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

Gerasimidis, K.; McGrogan, P.; Hassan, K.; Edwards, C.A. Dietary modifications, nutritional supplements and alternative medicine in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 27, 155–165. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] To date, few studies have been conducted to examine the prevalence of co-utilizing HMs and conventional drugs, and even fewer studies were performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of herb-drug interactions. Typically, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard method used to determine the efficacy of drugs; however, in the case of HM, ethical considerations, fragmented health care system, and the highly individualized dosing regimen of herbs make the situation difficult for researchers to conduct RCTs when investigating the clinical consequences of herb-drug interactions [ 5]. In addition, HMs can be used at different dosages depending on the symptoms of disease, making it difficult for RCTs to comprehensively reflect HMs usage in real-world settings [ 6]. Furthermore, as RCTs are usually conducted in a controlled setting with selected patients, certain proportion of patients in a population may be under-represented, thus affecting its generalizability due to their rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. As clinical trials are not advancing fast enough to meet the public’s need for knowledge on the effectiveness and safety of herb-drug interaction, alternative research methods should be considered. Nicandro, J.P.; Tsourounis, C.; Frassetto, L.; Guglielmo, B.J. In vivo effect of I’m-Yunity on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4. J. Herb. Pharmacother. 2007, 7, 39–56. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Barbenel, D.M.; Yusufi, B.; Bench, C.J.; O’Shea, D. Mania in a patient receiving testosterone replacement post-orchidectomy taking St John’s wort and sertraline. J. Psychopharmacol. 2000, 14, 84–86. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2012; Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547852/ (accessed on 15 November 2021). Cattaneo, D.; Fusi, M.; Gervasoni, C. No effects of Hypericum-containing complex on dolutegravir plasma trough concentrations: A case report. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019, 75, 1467–1468. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Mueller, S.C.; Majcher-Peszynska, J.; Uehleke, B.; Klammt, S.; Mundkowski, R.G.; Miekisch, W.; Sievers, H.; Bauer, S.; Frank, B.; Kundt, G.; et al. The extent of induction of CYP3A by St. John’s wort varies among products and is linked to hyperforin dose. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006, 62, 29–36. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Chen, Y.; Ouyang, D.-S.; Kang, Z.; Yang, G.-P.; Tan, Z.-R.; Zhou, G.; Yan, J. Effect of a traditional Chinese medicine Liu Wei Di Huang Wan on the activities of CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2011, 42, 596–602. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Rozenfeld, V.; Crain, J.L.; Callahan, A.K. Possible augmentation of warfarin effect by glucosamine-chondroitin. Am. J. Health Pharm. 2004, 61, 306–307. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Walker, A.F.; Marakis, G.; Simpson, E.; Hope, J.L.; Robinson, P.A.; Hassanein, M.; Simpson, H.C. Hypotensive effects of hawthorn for patients with diabetes taking prescription drugs: A randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2006, 56, 437–443. [ Google Scholar] Griffiths, A.; Beddall, A.; Pegler, S. Fatal haemopericardium and gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to possible interaction of cranberry juice with warfarin. J. R. Soc. Promot. Health 2008, 128, 324–326. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Nakao, M.; Muramoto, Y.; Hisadome, M.; Yamano, N.; Shoji, M.; Fukushima, Y.; Saruwatari, J.; Nakagawa, K. The effect of Shoseiryuto, a traditional Japanese medicine, on cytochrome P450s, N-acetyltransferase 2 and xanthine oxidase, in extensive or intermediate metabolizers of CYP2D6. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007, 63, 345–353. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] McCrae, S. Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng. CMAJ 1996, 155, 293–295. [ Google Scholar]

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Although current studies have already utilized real-world data to examine herb-drug interactions, there are further areas in which this research application can be improved. A case-control design, a commonly used approach in observational studies, is found not to be employed in herb-drug interaction studies utilizing real-world data in this review [ 37]. The inherent study limitations and the nature of case-control studies, detailed in Table 2, may significantly limit their utility in drug-herb assessments; however, this kind of design is suitable for investigating rare outcomes, latent outcomes, and multiple exposures [ 38]. Therefore, when appropriate, case-control studies can still be considered in the future for providing real-world evidence of herb-drug combinations. Murphy, P.A.; Kern, S.E.; Stanczyk, F.Z.; Westhoff, C.L. Interaction of St. John’s Wort with oral contraceptives: Effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding. Contracept. 2005, 71, 402–408. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Strippoli, S.; Lorusso, V.; Albano, A.; Guida, M. Herbal-drug interaction induced rhabdomyolysis in a liposarcoma patient receiving trabectedin. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 13, 199. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Sturm, A.; Atreya, R.; Bettenworth, D.; Bokemeyer, B.; Dignaß, A.; Ehehalt, R.; Germer, C.; Grunert, P.C.; Helwig, U.; Herrlinger, K.; et al. S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Morbus Crohn. Z. Für Gastroenterol. 2008, 46, 1094–1146. [ Google Scholar] Tamura, S.; Warabi, Y.; Matsubara, S. Severe liver dysfunction possibly caused by the combination of interferon beta-1b therapy and melilot (sweet clover) supplement. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2012, 37, 724–725. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

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